How Pera's Zero Trust Architecture Enhances Multi-Chain Asset Interoperability Without Trusted Roots or BridgesMulti-chain asset interoperability is essential for the blockchain ecosystem, but it often comes with significant security risks, especially when relying on trusted roots or bridges. The Nomad Hack in August 2022 is a stark reminder of these vulnerabilities. Let's delve into what happened during the Nomad exploit and explore how Pera’s Zero Trust architecture offers a more secure way to achieve multi-chain interoperability.The Nomad Hack and Its VulnerabilitiesIn August 2022, the Nomad Bridge—a protocol facilitating interactions across Ethereum, Moonbeam, Avalanche, Evmos, and Milkomeda—was exploited, resulting in the loss of over $190 million. This breach occurred due to a critical vulnerability where the "trusted root" was inadvertently set to 0x00. This misconfiguration bypassed all verification checks, allowing any transaction to be considered valid without proper authentication.Attackers quickly exploited this flaw. Without the need for valid proofs to verify operations, malicious actors could replicate a simple exploit transaction to withdraw funds without depositing any assets. This led to a cascade of copy-paste attacks, rapidly draining the bridge's funds.The Nomad Bridge's design followed the Castle and Moat architecture, relying on a fortified central point (the castle) protected by surrounding defenses (the moat). In this context, the trusted root acted as the gatekeeper for verification. However, once the trusted root was compromised, the entire system was left defenseless. The flaw lies in its single point of failure: if the central trust mechanism is breached or misconfigured,—as it was in the Nomad Hack—any and all user assets are at risk.How Pera’s Zero Trust Model Prevents Such ExploitsPera addresses these vulnerabilities by enabling a Zero Trust architecture, eliminating the need for trusted roots or bridges. It enables Zero Trust Protocols (ZTPs) to interact with native assets across chains using dWallets—a programmable blockchain primitive that has addresses in any network while preserving user self-custody and the Zero Trust principles of each network. Here's how this model enhances security:1️⃣User-Controlled Transactions with Zero Trust ProtocolsActive User Participation: Pera's Zero Trust Protocols ensure that users have active control over every transaction. Transactions require cryptographic proofs from both the user and Pera's Signature Network nodes, utilizing the novel 2PC-MPC signature scheme.Dual Verification: Both the user's secret share and the network's secret share are necessary to verify a transaction, preventing unauthorized actions.Collusion Resistance: Even if Pera's network nodes were to be compromised, user assets remain secure because both cryptographic shares are necessary for successful signature generation.2️⃣Elimination of Permissioned Trust PointsNo Central Authority: By not relying on any single entity, Pera's Zero Trust architecture avoids the pitfalls of single points of failure. Without a central trusted root, there's no singular target for attackers to exploit.Native Assets: Assets remain on their native chains, managed by dWallets without the need to route them through vulnerable bridges.By removing reliance on trusted roots and bridging mechanisms, Pera's Zero Trust architecture mitigates the vulnerabilities that led to the Nomad exploit. Without a mis-configurable trusted root or permissioned control points, the specific exploit used against Nomad becomes impossible. The required active user involvement in transaction generation creates self-custody level of security, making unauthorized withdrawals without user consent impossible.Advantages of Pera's Zero Trust Architecture🔐 Security: Removes trusted third parties, eliminating the risk of exploits similar to the Nomad Hack.🌐 Interoperability: Enables seamless interaction with native assets across different blockchains without relying on vulnerable bridges.👤 User Empowerment: Grants users self-custody and control over their assets and transactions within a Zero Trust system.⚙️ Robust Cryptography: Utilizes advanced cryptographic techniques like the novel 2PC-MPC signature scheme to ensure transaction integrity and security.🖧 Massively Decentralized: Removing a single point of failure. Hundreds or even thousands of parties participate with the user in generating signatures.ConclusionThe Nomad Hack highlighted critical weaknesses in protocols that rely on permissioned trust mechanisms for multi-chain interactions. Pera's Zero Trust architecture offers a compelling solution by:Eliminating permissioned trust points and bridges.Utilizing dWallets that manage assets natively through Zero Trust Protocols on different chains.Requiring active user participation and dual cryptographic verification for transactions.By adopting this Zero Trust model, multi-chain asset interoperability becomes significantly more secure, protecting users and networks from the kinds of vulnerabilities that led to the loss of $190 million in the Nomad incident.Secure your assets with Pera's advanced cryptographic solutions in a Zero Trust environment.🛡️
